Improving Your Information Architecture With Card Sorting: A Beginner’s Guide

Improving Your Information Architecture With Card Sorting: A Beginner’s Guide

• By Pierre Croft


• October 20th, 2014


• Content StrategyUser ExperienceUser Interaction


• 0 Comments

Information pattern (IA) is one of those buzzwords you’ve substantially listened before. It refers to a classification of a information on your website and how it all fits together. When formulation your IA, involve users of your website in a process as shortly as we can.

In this article, we’ll plead tag sorting, a attempted and loyal technique for doing customarily that. We’ll go by some unsentimental tips for regulating a card-sorting session, and also cover some examples.

What Is Information Architecture?

One of a good things about complicated web pattern is a approach it considers users’ needs from a start. Successful projects are successful mostly since a owners dedicate to bargain users, their backgrounds and their goals as early as possible. Like anything else in this game, though, a successful plan takes work and planning.

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Good IA helps to make a plan successful. It creates calm easy to find on a formidable website. This is also helped by effective navigation; however, there is some difficulty about a disproportion between a two. What is a difference, anyway? (Image source²)

Good Navigation Starts With Good IA

IA refers to a structure of information on a website, and it is decorated with site maps, diagrams and spreadsheets. Navigation refers to elements of an interface that people use to make their approach by that structure — menus, breadcrumbs, links — and it is decorated in wireframes or prototypes. Therefore, improving IA starts with examining a website’s calm and structure initial — navigation comes after.

As with many website improvements, it helps to use techniques that engage users. Card classification is one such technique that has been used for many years due to a trustworthiness and effectiveness. To start with, we’ll inspect a causes of feeble orderly information — impediment is always improved than a cure! We’ll afterwards cover some unsentimental tips for regulating your possess card-sorting sessions and cruise how they can urge a IA in your possess projects.

Bad IA Is Everywhere

Bad classification can occur anywhere. When was a final time we spent ages looking for something within a formidable complement and couldn’t find it? A standard instance is perplexing to find something during a vast supermarket. Most people could simply find domicile staples in a solidified goods, dairy or uninformed furnish section. But that territory would we revisit to find some-more problematic products? Where would we find gluten-free bread, your favorite alien code of prohibited salsa or that artisanal handmade bean drop we attempted during a celebration final weekend?

Where’s a Hot Sauce?

I infrequently onslaught when looking for products during my supermarket, that increases my frustration. we customarily finish adult seeking a store worker where to find a item, presumption we haven’t left a store already. The same is loyal of a web, solely that users are even reduction patient. If users can’t find what they wish in seconds, by possibly browsing or searching, they’re doubtful to hang around. As a result, websites (and supermarkets) advantage severely from an discerning structure and organization. Unfortunately, some destroy to residence these issues properly, heading to mislaid sales as business grow undone and leave.

How Bad IA Happens

It’s not formidable to finish adult with a badly orderly website, notwithstanding one’s best intentions. But how does a website finish adult like this in a initial place?

One of a many common reasons is that a IA is combined from a business structure of a organization, rather than from users’ needs. This is a default choice for many clients. More common still is when a information is orderly according to a preferences and whims of comparison members in a company. This is mostly due to a change of a HIPPO³ (the top paid person’s opinion), customarily finished by an noisy sold who mostly lacks a grasp of what creates a good website.

The Importance of Content Strategy

For incomparable websites, a emanate is mostly a miss of a transparent calm strategy. Managing calm is essential for websites that are vast or frequently updated. Content plan covers processes like:

• who updates a website and how often,


• the complement for handling aged or prehistoric content,


• maintaining a taxonomies for calm on a website (tags, types, categories, labels).

As web professionals, we take honour in a work and formulation abilities. Being confronted by an rude HIPPO and primitive calm strategies is frustrating. However, both of these problems have a common solution. User-centered techniques such as tag classification are absolute since they capacitate we to be many some-more systematic in diagnosing and regulating website problems. Later on, we’ll demeanour during how tag classification and calm plan work palm in hand.

How Card Sorting Helps

So, how do we get users concerned in organizing a information on a website? Ideally, we wish a resolution that’s cheap, discerning and useful. Thankfully, tag classification is all 3 of these. The routine is many like it sounds. You write down all of a dissimilar elements that we wish to systematise onto cards, and afterwards ask participants to collect them into groups that make clarity to them. But is that all there is to it? When can it be used, and what should a outcome be?

When to Use It?

The routine of organizing calm is diligent with questions. Should it be grouped by form or by subject? Which difficulty does this FAQ doubt go to? Card classification answers these forms of questions and is useful in many situations. Some specific examples include:

• classifying a products in an e-commerce store,


• organizing questions in an FAQ section,


• untangling a formidable site map.

One of a good things about tag classification is that it needn’t be cramped to customer projects or even websites. After carrying used it for clients, we saw a value as a ubiquitous purpose tool. We have started regulating it in a possess inner meetings to incorporate feedback from a organisation about how to systematise a sold business routine or how to structure an arriving presentation.

Ultimately, a thought of any tag arrange is to improve a labelling, organisation and classification of information. However, it is best matched to organizing content, and it won’t repair all on a own. If your website is unequivocally task-focused (if it’s an airline-booking website, for example), afterwards tag classification on a possess will yield singular benefit. Best to approach your energies towards usability testing, generally if your time or bill is tight.

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Card classification can be useful in your possess inner meetings when we need to systematise something. It’s a good approach to incorporate feedback from your team. (View vast version⁵)

Open or Closed?

Card classification sessions can be personal as one of dual forms — open or closed. Open tag classification is a some-more stretchable choice of a two. Here, users are giveaway to systematise a cards we supply into groups that make clarity to them, and afterwards come adult with their possess names for these groups. They are also giveaway to rename cards or make their possess suggestions for new cards if they wish.

This form is best when we wish to know how users would organisation your content. Gathering their ideas and suggestions for names and labels goes a prolonged approach to creation your website some-more intuitive.

The choice method, sealed tag sorting, is where a categories or labels are fixed. This is useful when we wish to understand how users fit calm into an existent structure. It’s also used when new calm needs to be combined to a website.

As an example, cruise an e-commerce website and a top-level categories they competence have for their products, such as technology, home and garden, and sports and leisure. Now suspect that a store has started stocking a new operation of products that have customarily been launched. Which top-level difficulty on a website should these products be combined to? Involving users in a sealed tag arrange could assistance we to arrive during an answer.

Sometimes we can brew a dual techniques. Run an open tag arrange with one organisation of users to conclude a top-level categories. Then run a sealed tag arrange regulating these new categories, and see how easy it is for users to fit existent calm into them.

This Time, It’s Personal

Traditionally, tag classification is as low-tech as it gets, requiring no modernized record or software. You simply write all of a equipment on pieces of paper or cards, widespread them out on a table, and let your users have their approach with them. This routine is a many widely used since it’s cheap, discerning and intuitive. Being in a same room as your users means you’ll be on palm to beam them by a process.

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OptimalSort is an online apparatus for tag sorting. (Image source⁷) (View vast version⁸)

The concentration of this essay is offline sessions, yet online classification tools, such as OptimalSort³⁰⁹ and ConceptCodify²⁹¹⁰, benefaction some pivotal advantages. Recruiting participants is easier, that creates it easier to scale up. Many underline modernized stating collection to brand correlations and patterns, that can take a lot of time when finished manually. Free collection such as Trello¹¹ also work good for tag sorting, yet we mislay a ability to beget reports.

The disadvantages of online services are that they are mostly a lot some-more costly and we mislay that personal touch. You’ll benefit singular discernment by watching people’s function and physique language, that online sessions can’t capture.

Step By Step

1. Prepare

The initial charge in regulating an offline event is to prepared your cards. Create a request that lists all of a equipment we are testing, and give any one a series — spreadsheets are ideal for this. These equipment could be pages in a site map, product categories or labels in a taxonomy. Each object in this list afterwards gets combined on a singular card, with a analogous series combined on a reverse. This numbering will assistance if we wish to run some-more modernized research once a sessions are complete.

For a cards themselves, use tangible cards instead of paper, that can get lost, ragged out or ripped easily. Also, don’t exam too many things during once. From experience, we can contend that no some-more than 50 to 70 equipment per event is about right. If you’re perplexing to systematise a vast system, mangle it adult into chunks, and afterwards run sessions for any chunk.

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This is flattering many all we need. And a table. (Image source¹³) (View vast version¹⁴)

Choosing what to write on a cards can be challenging. Ideally, a labels should be brief adequate that they can be examination quickly, yet prolonged adequate to make clarity and for participants to know what is being represented. Short titles customarily make clarity customarily in a context of a organisation they go to. Therefore, summarizing a calm as quickly as probable could help, rather than simply regulating a title.

For example, a tag like “More information about a phones” would be preferable to customarily “More information.” The second object would make clarity within an existent primogenitor organisation named “Our phones,” yet on a possess it doesn’t make many sense.

In summary:

• Use a spreadsheet when scheming your cards.


• Get cards that are durable.


• Find a change for labels between elementary and intuitive.

2. Walk Before You Can Run

If this is your initial time regulating this technique, use it in a smaller plan if we can. Organizing and examining a formula will be easier, and it will be an event to fine-tune your technique for subsequent time. One preference you’ll need to make early on is either to run organisation or sold sessions. The answer customarily depends on a complexity of a system, as good as your time and budget. If you’re customarily starting out, get your feet soppy with sold sessions initial — we can always scale adult after if we need to.

When you’re organizing a lot of content, groups of 3 users will strech accord faster. However, they will need some-more moderation, and they could cost we some-more time and money. You also run a risk of traffic with assertive HIPPOs, that can askance a results.

How many users should we embody in a session? For a information to be useful, we will need some-more users than for a standard usability test. Jakob Nielsen recommends about 15 users¹⁵ to arrive during statistically useful results. Be heedful of including some-more and some-more users in your tests, however, since a earnings lessen as we go higher.

In summary:

• If this is your initial go with tag sorting, try it on a smaller plan first.


• Groups strech accord faster.


• Individual sessions are easier to moderate.


• Get around 15 participants to grasp useful results.

3. Find Participants

The subsequent step is to find participants. For best results, find tangible users of a website, generally if it’s a niche or specialized system. If you’re perplexing to urge a classification of a tyro intranet, for example, find students. For something some-more general, like a vast e-commerce website, find users with a extended operation of demographic indicators, such as age, income or technical ability.

If possible, engage your customer in anticipating users. The customer could even yield them directly — say, if you’re redesigning a staff intranet. Offering a tiny financial incentive, like a benefaction voucher, also helps to make certain they spin up.

In summary:

• For niche websites or intranets, find existent users.


• For some-more ubiquitous websites, find users from sundry demographics.


• Clients are mostly useful in anticipating participants.

4. Put It All Together

The final step in credentials is to get a assembly room ready. Get a vast list or notice house — a bigger a better. You’ll also need some kind of recording complement in place. This could be anything from a camcorder to a smartphone, as prolonged as it enables we to play behind a audio and video from a session. Make certain adequate drinks and refreshments are on hand, too.

Once you’ve prepared a cards and your users have arrived, it’s time to run a sessions! Provide transparent instructions, and let a users know we will be recording their sessions for after review. Explain that we wish them to systematise a cards into groups that make clarity to them and that there is no right or wrong answer. If you’re regulating an open tag sort, get some vacant cards for them to write their possess names once a initial classification theatre is over.

While you’re regulating a sessions, we competence need to act as a moderator. Be on palm if they get stranded (there will expected be a lot of “ums” and “ahs”), yet explain that this isn’t a problem. In fact, meaningful where they are removing stranded is useful since it indicates a problem with labelling. If they find some cards formidable to systematise during all, afterwards leave them off to one side and note what they are. Also, be wakeful that a final on we as a judge will boost in organisation settings.

In summary:

• Record any event and take notes.


• There is no right or wrong answer.


• The final on we as a judge will boost with some-more participants.

5. Wrap Up

Once they have gotten as distant as they can, feel giveaway to ask some questions if we have time. You could ask them to explain their choices in some-more detail, what finished them demur about this sold card, and so on.

Finally, record a arrangement they’ve made. The easiest approach to do this is simply by holding a photo, yet in a tiny room it can be tough to make certain that all of a cards are in a shot. Taking a print isn’t always feasible, so if we have numbered a cards, afterwards we can note that numbers were grouped together. This will also assistance we when we do a some-more minute statistical research of a groupings, that is out of range of this article.

Once that’s done, write a participant’s name on your records and photos. To revoke any intensity bias, trifle a cards for a subsequent user, and afterwards entice them in.

In summary:

• Taking photos is a discerning approach to record a arrangements.


• Ask questions if we have time.


• Shuffle a cards before any event to revoke bias.

Further Tips

• Offering a tiny inducement is a good approach to inspire participation.


• When selecting what to sort, try to select calm from identical levels (i.e. difficulty pages or sold assistance topics). Mixing child and primogenitor categories is confusing.


• Provide transparent instructions. Have an thought of what we wish to contend before we start.


• Provide vacant cards and a coop pen for new suggestions — essential for open tag sorting.


• Try not to miscarry participants unless they ask for help.


• It’s OK if participants can’t organisation everything. This is useful information.


• Set a time extent for any session, that will make scheduling many easier.


• In sold sessions, safeguard that no one else is present. This would be distracting.


• Always record a sessions, and take notes!

Interpreting The Results

Congratulations! You’ve customarily run your initial card-sorting sessions, and your cover is full of uninformed insights. The subsequent step is to appreciate a results. Because this is substantially your initial card-sorting session, we won’t have plateau of formula to sort.

For any participant, request dual sets of observations for any session. The initial step is to emanate a new document, and afterwards send any records that we finished during that session. These should be qualitative observations, such as any new names that were suggested and either a chairman hesitated on a sold card.

Next, note that participant’s groupings. You could simply arrange a groupings in a bulleted list in your request or uncover a groupings in a spreadsheet. A spreadsheet is ideal if we wish to perform some modernized statistical research later. Various methods and pieces of program can do this for you, and a specifics of this could fill another essay by themselves. The critical thing is to etch a hierarchy, a parent-child relationships, that any member created.

What to Look For

Once this is complete, it’s time for analysis. This is as many art as science. The thought is to brand trends that relate opposite opposite sessions, and to answer some of a following questions:

• Which equipment seemed together many often?


• Which equipment did participants onslaught to classify?


• What new suggestions or labels were made?


• Were any equipment put in some-more than one grouping?


• Were any other equipment of seductiveness brought adult during a sessions?

If many users orderly a cards in a identical way, afterwards a pursuit is sincerely straightforward. It’s a matter of requesting that same classification to your content. If we have time, afterwards follow adult with serve user contrast to endorse that a new structure is higher to a aged one.

For IAs that are complex, users mostly come adult with extravagantly opposite structures. You competence need to engage a incomparable organisation until extended trends emerge. This is a tough part, and it competence take a integrate of passes to compute by a deride and get to a good stuff. After regulating a few sessions, you’ll get a hang of it.

Online collection are a good assistance in these situations since they make statistical research many easier. Advanced techniques of research embody formulating dendrograms. These are tree-like diagrams that uncover a organisation of information within hierarchies and uncover how closely equipment are related. Some online services yield collection for creation these, yet they’re utterly toilsome and out of range for this article.

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Dendrograms paint visible groupings of information, yet they are wily to emanate yet specialized software. (Image source¹⁷) (View vast version¹⁸)

Example From A Real-World Project

Background

Recently, a organisation during Decibel Digital¹⁹ worked on a redesign of a vital UK animal gift website. The existent website had a territory simply named “A–Z,” that contained hundreds of pages. A lot of a pages were honestly useful and enclosed sundry calm such as news, help, videos and downloads. The problem was that there was small to no structure. Everything was simply churned together and afterwards orderly alphabetically. It was a largest territory of a website by far, so locating what we indispensable yet relying on hunt was impossibly hard.

Upon vocalization with a digital team, we satisfied that partial of a problem was a miss of oversight. Anyone in a association was means to upload new calm to this section, and they would mostly upload transcribe calm with a somewhat opposite name. Over many years, a calm in this territory grew into a pell-mell mess, like an asteroid belt — and customarily as formidable to navigate.

Running a Content Audit

Getting into a robe of auditing calm before redesigning a website is a good thing. We collected all of a website’s pages and their URLs in a spreadsheet, along with a brief outline of a calm — text, images, video, articles and so on. These URLs can be exported from an existent CMS, yet we used a apparatus named Screaming Frog²⁰.

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SEO Spider is a nifty small application that crawls a website and lists all of a pages and elements. You can use this list to perform a calm audit. (View vast version²²)

Once a spreadsheet was prepared, a subsequent step was to weigh a content. We used a routine called a ROT analysis. We checked any square of calm regulating a following criteria:

• R: Is a calm redundant?


• O: Is it outdated?


• T: Is it trivial?

Working by a website’s calm like this can seem laborious, yet it was indeed unequivocally therapeutic. The customer felt relieved once they started unravelling a calm beast that their aged website had spawned, that finished everybody feel improved about a project. Using this ROT research finished it faster to strech accord on selecting pages to mislay or archive. Pretty soon, a calm was whittled down to docile levels. The subsequent step was to figure out how to systematise this content. Enter tag sorting!

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A calm review is approach some-more fun than a taxation audit. (View vast version²⁴)

Running a Card-Sorting Session

Following on a calm audit, we all felt that a existent A–Z territory wasn’t unequivocally fit for a purpose, notwithstanding a lot of a calm being useful and valuable. We motionless to run a card-sorting event to systematise a calm in a approach that would warn a new website’s navigation. The thought was to rise a structure that finished a calm browser-friendly and simply findable yet a user carrying to rest on search.

What to Test?

The website still had a lot of pages, so we had to confirm that to embody in a sessions. Having too many cards to arrange becomes formidable and difficult, so we motionless to embody customarily first- and second-level pages to keep things manageable. We also didn’t embody application pages, such as “Contact Us,” “Privacy Policy” and a like, that are ordinarily found on many other websites. Once this was done, we had about 50 pages left, that we felt was ideal to start a sessions.

Finding Users

The subsequent step was to find users to test, for that we enlisted a assistance of a client. The users of a website tended to askance to an comparison womanlike demographic, so carrying a client’s submit here was unequivocally useful. Some of a users we tested had already intent with a customer in offline selling activity and were vehement to help!

Open vs. Closed

We motionless to run an open tag arrange since a calm from a existent A–Z territory was diverse, comprising news, videos, blog posts, assistance articles and advice. We wanted to rest on a users’ submit to emanate labels for these calm forms that finished clarity to them. As a result, we granted copiousness of vacant cards and pens for them to write their possess suggestions.

During any session, we took copiousness of notes, quite about a equipment that users found formidable to arrange and any suggestions they finished for new labels that we hadn’t considered. We also available any event as a backup, so that we could go over a recordings after to observe anything we missed.

What We Found

At a end of a sessions, we took photos of a groupings and updated a spreadsheets. We looked for quantitative information — were there any trends? Did mixed users make identical suggestions for new labels? Did any labels consistently means users to struggle? We looked during qualitative data, too: specific comments that users finished or what they pronounced out shrill as they struggled to specify a sold card.

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The formula from your card-sorting sessions competence warn you. (View vast version²⁶)

Being a charity, a customer relies a lot on donations and support from a public, so removing a labels for these sections right was important. We found some engaging points:

• The website offering annual paid memberships as a means of ancillary a charity, as good as a ability to register a giveaway comment on a website. These were labelled as “Register an account” and “Become a member”; however, many users were confused by a difference. We finished adult changing a diction of a membership call to movement to discharge a confusion.


• We had suggested a name “Knowledge Centre” as a tag for a assistance content, yet many users suggested alternatives. We finished adult regulating “Help Advice” on a website instead.


• The gift ran monthly “Appeals” as another means of removing donations, and it also campaigned on many issues that were listed in “Campaigns.” Lacking any context, though, each user we tested struggled to compute these cards. We finished adult incorporating a “Campaigns” territory into another area of a website.


• To prove a enterprise to support, scarcely each user suggested a tenure “Get Involved” as a vital difficulty label. We beheld this gathering on other gift websites, too.

After all this was done, we presented a commentary in a report. We motionless not to embody masses of quantitative data. While it was useful to us internally, we felt a customer would be unknown with a quantitative information and wouldn’t know how to appreciate it yet sufficient explanation.

Instead, we presented a pivotal findings (like those listed above) in plain English, and we personal a commentary as high, middle and low priority. We also enclosed some recommendations on how to solve a issues we found. This finished it many easier for a customer to brand “quick wins” with their content’s structure, and it finished it easier for us to exercise a compulsory improvements.

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The customer doesn’t always need to see a disorderly details. Putting your pivotal commentary into a transparent news is mostly preferable. (View vast version²⁸)

Final Thoughts

Card classification is a adored technique since it’s cheap, arguable and easy to set up. It’s a good approach to turn informed with concepts such as information pattern and user-centred design. Remember that it’s not a china bullet, and it won’t repair all of a problems on an existent website. A website competence be behaving feeble or be tough to use for many reasons, and improving a IA competence residence customarily some of them. However, when used in tandem with other user-centered pattern techniques, it can go a prolonged approach to starting off a plan or redesign on a right foot.

Hopefully, we have enjoyed training about tag sorting. When implemented well, it formula in a product that is discerning and easy to navigate. If you’ve finished it a partial of your possess routine already or we have anything to ask or share, greatfully join a contention in a comments section.

Other Resources

• ConceptCodify²⁹¹⁰
  
  Online card-sorting tool


• OptimalSort³⁰⁹
  
  Another classification tool, partial of a apartment of UX products


• “The Difference Between Information Architecture and Navigation³¹,” Jennifer Cardello, Nielsen Norman Group
  
  This essay does a good pursuit of explaining what IA is, and what it is not.


• Information Architecture for a World Wide Web³², Peter Morville and Louis Rosenfeld
  
  The decisive book for those who wish an in-depth demeanour during IA

(il, al)

Footnotes

1. 1 https://www.flickr.com/photos/10ch/3347658610


2. 2 https://www.flickr.com/photos/10ch/3347658610


3. 3 http://www.askahippo.com/


4. 4 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/3-img-cardsortinternal-lrg-opt.jpg


5. 5 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/3-img-cardsortinternal-lrg-opt.jpg


6. 6 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/4-img-optimalsort-lrg-opt.jpg


7. 7 http://www.optimalsort.com


8. 8 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/4-img-optimalsort-lrg-opt.jpg


9. 9 http://www.optimalworkshop.com/optimalsort.htm


10. 10 http://conceptcodify.com/


11. 11 https://trello.com/


12. 12 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/5-img-cards-lrg-opt.jpg


13. 13 http://www.shutterstock.com


14. 14 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/5-img-cards-lrg-opt.jpg


15. 15 http://www.nngroup.com/articles/card-sorting-how-many-users-to-test/


16. 16 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/6-img-dendrogram-lrg-opt.jpg


17. 17 http://www.optimalworkshop.com/


18. 18 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/6-img-dendrogram-lrg-opt.jpg


19. 19 https://www.decibeldigital.com/


20. 20 http://www.screamingfrog.co.uk/seo-spider/


21. 21 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/7-img-seospider-lrg-opt.jpg


22. 22 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/7-img-seospider-lrg-opt.jpg


23. 23 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/8-img-audit-lrg-opt.jpg


24. 24 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/8-img-audit-lrg-opt.jpg


25. 25 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/9-img-cardsorting-lrg-opt.jpg


26. 26 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/9-img-cardsorting-lrg-opt.jpg


27. 27 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/10-img-report-lrg-opt.jpg


28. 28 http://www.smashingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/10-img-report-lrg-opt.jpg


29. 29 http://conceptcodify.com/


30. 30 http://www.optimalworkshop.com/optimalsort.htm


31. 31 http://www.nngroup.com/articles/ia-vs-navigation/


32. 32 http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596527341.do

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Improving Your Information Architecture With Card Sorting: A Beginner’s Guide