A Frank Lloyd Wright Approach To Digital Design

A Frank Lloyd Wright Approach To Digital Design

• By Kent Eisenhuth


• December 19th, 2014


• CreativityDesign PrinciplesInspiration


• 0 Comments

Frank Lloyd Wright was a century forward of his time. He was a pioneer, an select designer who pennyless giveaway of a traditions of his era. His views on materials, form, function, space and sourroundings conclude his iconic works. These ideals and beliefs are still used in settlement today, and his buildings have stood a exam of time, remaining applicable even in today’s digital age.

I find a lot of impulse in Wright’s undying work. As designers, we’re frequently asked to emanate digital use (especially in software) that will have a lifespan of 5 to 10 years. This is an perpetuity in “digital” time, and it has done me contemplate a future. What kind of inclination will people be regulating in a subsequent few decades? What communication patterns will we be regulating in 25 years? 50 years?

Throughout his 70-year career, Wright grown a series of beliefs and ideals that can enthuse us to design digital use that improved mount a exam of time. we will cover 6 categorical aspects of Wright’s proceed that we can request to digital design. His bid to emanate a “new” architecture, along with his views on materials, layout, form, duty and a attribute between a whole, a collection and a sourroundings can enthuse us to rethink a proceed we proceed a digital settlement work and even lift a middle into new and sparkling territories.

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Frank Lloyd Wright sketching skeleton for Marin County Civic Center (Image: sswj²) (View immeasurable version³)

The Need For A New Architecture

We should never supplement levels of complexity to a settlement work for a consequence of being new and exciting. In fact, Wright disheartened this use in his architecture. In his prologue to Studies and Executed Buildings, he said:

“I do not trust in adding improvement merely for a consequence of enrichment. Unless it adds distinctness to a eloquence of a theme, it is undesirable, for it is really tiny understood.”

The Victorian Era and Its Frivolous Design

Wright started his career during a tallness of a Victorian era. Mainstream American settlement embraced a exemplary educational traditions of Europe. Victorian homes were not customarily dwellings, though also standing black — showrooms of personal wealth. These homes were dirty with embellishment and consisted of many tiny bedrooms that weren’t designed with duty in mind.

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Victorian settlement in San Francisco (Image: Tom Karlo⁵) (View immeasurable version⁶)

In a difference of Wright, “The normal enterprise seems to be to build something that will behind on a rear legs and duke a atmosphere in sequence that we competence seem some-more critical than your neighbor.” Additionally, Wright’s opinion was that tiny imagination was being put into this settlement — an designer could collect a settlement out of a stylebook and “place a brook window on it for a lady.”

The Dawn of a New Architecture

Throughout a 1880s and 1890s, Wright identified a need for a new architecture. By a spin of a century, he had found his voice. He rejected a extraneous Victorian traditions of a time and led a new, American architectural movement: The Prairie School. According to this propagandize of thought, any building would offer a purpose, and any fact would be delicately designed so that it upheld that purpose. These sum would conclude a structure’s cultured style.

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Frederick C. Robie House (Image: Teemu008⁸) (View immeasurable version⁹)

One instance of duty pushing form can be seen in Wright’s Frederick C. Robie House. A defining evil of this private home is a farfetched eves and cantilevered rooflines. While this is a defining partial of a building’s aesthetic, a primary purpose is to yield shade to a categorical areas of a home during prohibited Midwest summers. It also provides an total clarity of preserve during a visit serious storms and other oppressive conditions.

Details With a Purpose

When Wright designed a Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, a city that during a time was disposed to fires, he enclosed reflecting pools that could be used as a H2O source for fighting fires. While these pools were aesthetically beautiful, they served a many some-more critical purpose.

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Reflecting pools in front of a Imperial Hotel’s reformation (Image: joevare¹¹) (View immeasurable version¹²)

As designers, we’re in a business of providing beautiful, engaging, serviceable use that accommodate a needs of a users and offer a many incomparable purpose. We shouldn’t supplement nonessential complexity to a designs, nor should we use visible styles for a consequence of being fashionable. After all, we aren’t in a business of impressing a settlement colleagues. Instead, every preference we make should offer a purpose that supports a strange UX mandate and business objectives.

Materials

Understanding a Nature of Materials

Wright gave crafty care to a materials he used. He chose materials formed on their healthy strengths and properties. For example, potion allows light to pass by it. Concrete is liquid and can be poured. Both section and mill are solid. He was discontented in a proceed other architects treated materials. They had a negligence for a inlet of any element and treated all materials as if they were a same. Wright felt it best to concede materials to exist in their healthy form, instead of outwardly sauce them. For instance, timber has a healthy tone and grain. It is also crafty nonetheless flexible. Painting or figure a square of timber doesn’t honour a natural, elementary qualities and would be deliberate by Wright an instance of nonessential design.

Combining Materials

Wright’s low bargain of materials gave him a leisure to improved accommodate a needs of his clients. He total materials in innovative ways when he designed a Johnson Wax Administration Building in Racine, Wisconsin. One of a project’s objectives was to boost trade upsurge and leisure of transformation via a building. Wright total a hermetic sourroundings with a immeasurable open layout, dripping in healthy light and upheld by an indoor “pine forest” of columns.

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Dendriform columns in a Johnson Wax Administration Building (Image: c_nilsen¹⁴) (View immeasurable version¹⁵)

Wright’s dendriform columns consisted of slight bases and far-reaching tops, and they seemed to challenge gravity. Skeptical engineers felt this settlement would fail. Wright’s low believe of materials and their properties enabled him to settlement these columns so that they were structurally sound nonetheless didn’t concede trade upsurge or a honesty of a layout. The bureau floor’s insubordinate settlement led to a 25% boost in worker productivity in a facility.

Technologies: A Designer’s Palette of Materials

In a digital world, opposite inclination offer varying combinations of technologies and capabilities. We can request these technologies to a settlement work in a same proceed that Wright used materials to emanate good buildings. Let’s cruise of a device’s technologies as a check of architectural materials. For instance, a device competence have a screen, an accelerometer, a haptic engine, a camera, NFC and GPS. Like timber has a healthy pellet and is both crafty and flexible, a haptic engine can offer moving feedback during varying intervals. An accelerometer detects remarkable movement.

In a lot of cases, a shade is a “catch all” and is dissipated in a same proceed that Wright’s contemporaries dissipated architectural materials. ’s contemporaries dissipated architectural materials. If we cruise over a screen, we can use a healthy capabilities of these technologies or “materials” to emanate some-more engaging, immersive use that transcend a initial business objectives and requirements.

As Wright did with a Johnson Wax building, we can take this offer by mixing materials in clever, innovative ways. A good instance is Cycloramic. This app takes hands-free 360-degree breathtaking photos. To do this, a app depends on a iPhone 5’s prosaic ends to mount up. Vibrations total by a haptic engine stagger a device, while a camera captures a surrounding environment. The outcome is a ideal breathtaking photo.

Even some-more innovative is Cycloramic’s resolution for a round-edged iPhone 6, that can't mount on a end. The app’s creators use an additional material, a charging plug, as a hilt for a phone.

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Cycloramic app on iPhone 6 (Image: iMore¹⁷) (View immeasurable version¹⁸)

Good apps precedence a technologies done permitted by a device that they’re designed for. The new Apple Watch could lead to a whole new bullion rush in a app market. Like homeowners of a Victorian era, companies will emanate watch apps customarily to keep adult with a Joneses. These apps competence not even offer a tangible purpose. The successful and well-designed apps will precedence a watch’s core technologies, such as a taptic engine, NFC reader, heart-rate guard and submit crown. How will we precedence a technologies permitted on a inclination you’re conceptualizing for?

Layout And Form

Free and Open Layouts for a People

Unlike their Victorian predecessors, Wright’s turn homes consisted of open layouts organised around a executive point. Instead of formulating normal rooms, Wright believed in formulating flexible, mixed-use spaces. These open spaces, or vistas, were delicately designed to conduct a transformation of people inside and outward of a home. As a result, areas of a home were some-more straightforwardly permitted to a inhabitants. These spaces were designed so that light and atmosphere could interfuse a whole structure with a clarity of unity. Areas were distant with “screens,” instead of firm walls. These screens were done adult of anything, from seat (like in a Robie House) to continual windows.

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Wright’s blueprint sketch (Image: Sam Felder²⁰) (View immeasurable version²¹)

Wright felt that expelling boxy bedrooms enabled him to make all of a space some-more human, with reduction space squandered on a structure and some-more left for living. In an talk with Mike Wallace, he settled that he perceived letters from his clients indicating that this proceed had a life-changing outcome on them.

As designers, we can find impulse in Wright’s blueprint principles. In offer to (but not excluding) a elemental blueprint beliefs we use, such as hierarchy, contrariety and change and care for reading instruction (i.e. left to right), we can lift impulse from Wright’s views on form and blueprint to lift a settlement work in new directions. The shade is a many renouned record (or, in Wright’s terms, material) during a disposal, and it’s customarily not used to a full potential.

Cramming in More Information: What Not to Do

As some-more information becomes available, users direct opening to it by websites and software. Because of this, we tend to squeeze information into a designs, and we finish adult adding some-more modules, panels and even screens. Adding some-more screens places an synthetic weight on information settlement and/or a app’s hunt capability. This settlement indication is evidenced in a nonessential levels of navigation in many applications. Some navigation panels even take adult some-more genuine estate than a tangible calm (as illustrated below). This is a digital homogeneous of a boxy, cramped Victorian home layout.

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Sketch arrangement cluttered UI elements (View immeasurable version²³)

We could make screens taller, though that would customarily give taciturn accede to stakeholders to continue adding content, that was a means of a strange problem. We are not entirely leveraging a screen’s healthy capabilities. To do this, we need to endorse that any offer meets an identified UX requirement or business objective; then, we would weigh how it fits in a settlement on a holistic level.

Applying Wright’s Ideals to Digital Layouts

Our settlement residence isn’t cramped to a earthy genuine estate of a screen, nor should a form be singular to one prosaic craft that sits directly underneath a device’s display. The shade can be deliberate a viewport into a universe that’s an prolongation of a possess earthy 3-D world. This practical space is as immeasurable as a turn landscape that desirous Wright’s early works.

Like bedrooms in a Wright house, we should arrange calm into forms that let it naturally flow and turn some-more immediately accessible. We have mixed axes to work with in this immeasurable practical space. This opens adult new places to put information. The arrangement of a calm and a overarching form shouldn’t be arbitrary. The ensuing form should be dynamic by content, elementary in a inlet and, as settled earlier, not a matter of settlement for a consequence of being cool.

SpaceX total a apparatus to settlement rocket components. As we can imagine, rocket engines are packaged full of worldly components, all of that need to be designed, tuned and tweaked.

Like a progressing instance of a sketched layout, this shade could have been cluttered with menus, options and settings. Instead, applicable information appears in context, relations to a engine member in focus. The form, or shade layout, is subsequent from a really indication that a operative is constructing within a tool. Like a open vistas in a turn house, a interface, or miss thereof, total with a tool’s open blueprint allows a operative to openly pierce around a sketch residence and correct a engine on a fly. This is a good instance of how formidable information can be organised in a simple, discerning form.

Additionally, a Leap Motion Controller was selected as a process for input. This record creates a knowledge even some-more natural, enabling a operative to carve a engine with their possess hands. Not customarily can a software’s form be mapped behind to Wright’s principles, though it’s a excellent instance of a use of materials — and, by a way, zero about this settlement is excessive.

Form And Function Are One

Wright’s Architectural Forms

Wright’s mentor, Louis Sullivan, is famous for this quote from his article, “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered”: “Form ever follows function.²⁴” In other words, a building’s form should be dynamic by a purpose. This thought had been around for a while and indeed derives from a ideals of Marcus Vitruvius Pollo, an early Roman designer and operative who wrote De architectura²⁵.

Wright went on to correct this classical thought to “Form and duty should be one assimilated in devout union.” This postulated him some-more embodiment in his architectural decisions.

The figure of a turn residence was driven by a purpose: to yield an insinuate nonetheless open sourroundings easeful from a oppressive conditions of a Midwestern prairies. To grasp a clarity of cognisance and coziness, a structure was brought down to “human” proportions. Ceilings and rooflines were lowered. Primary bedrooms were situated on a slab, lifted off a damp cold turn ground. As mentioned, rooflines were cantilevered and farfetched to yield shade, while uniform rows of windows were dangling to maximize healthy lighting in a categorical vital quarters. Bedrooms and application bedrooms were deliberate to be reduction critical and, so, were situated on an top level. Kitchen and application areas were adjacent to a categorical areas as needed. The categorical areas were typically prolonged open vistas. The homes typically took on a figure of an L or a cross.

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Wright’s Meyer May residence and a L-shaped blueprint (Image: bstrand²⁷) (View immeasurable version²⁸)

Content, Form and UI Becoming One

In offer to a form-related beliefs mentioned above, we can offer facilitate a settlement work by firmly mixing a content, a form and a UI to turn one. Today, calm and a UI typically coexist, and infrequently there is tragedy between a two. Usability doesn’t need to be sacrificed either. The UI should always be obvious. A unchanging form will capacitate users to emanate a transparent cognitive map of a content. Information should always be permitted by a unchanging communication model, creation for a some-more healthy experience.

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Nest’s Learning Thermostat³⁰ (View immeasurable version³¹)

Form and duty are elegantly total in a Nest Learning Thermostat. Rather than cluttering a shade with UI controls and buttons, the designers done a device’s earthy form, a cylinder, as a UI itself. It can be rotated to control a heat and other functions. The thermostat’s sensor array learns a user’s preferences and automatically sets a heat formed on a time of day, occupancy and settings history. The uses of other technologies, or materials, palliate a weight on what would have differently been a cluttered UI. Contextual information is a focal indicate of a form, and it is seamlessly integrated in a product’s settlement and interaction. While a thermostat’s form recalls a analog rotary dial used in a past, it’s a good instance of content, form and UI apropos one.

Depending on how a calm takes shape, formulating earthy layers of information competence be appropriate. These layers could be accessed by transitions, like animation, zooming and panning, offer orienting a user within a incomparable form. It will give a user a improved bargain of where they’ve come from and where they are going. If we’re conceptualizing a gestural interface, it could also advise a communication compulsory to get behind to a starting point.

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Google Maps³³’ Street View (View immeasurable version³⁴)

Google Maps’ Street View is another excellent multiple of form and function. The app allows users to try cities and maps from a street-level view. Its form takes on a figure of a city you’re exploring. You can click on a roadways and buildings to navigate a map. As a result, a app has tiny to no navigation chrome — a calm is a UI. Animation and zooming offer asian us in a incomparable form.

Clear³⁵’s layered proceed to form

Finally, Clear seamlessly integrates form and function, too. The app’s layered form enables users to simply navigate a content. Color and animation are used to paint a transition from one covering of information to another. Also, it’s another good instance of how transition techniques and a arrangement of content, a form and a UI can be used to emanate a some-more healthy experience. How will we confederate form and duty in your subsequent settlement project?

The Whole And Its Parts

Frank Lloyd Wright felt that all collection (including rooms, areas, indoor and outward spaces, and a surrounding environment) are associated to a whole and that a whole is associated to a parts. There should be a matrimony between a structure and a site, materials, time and context. Wright suggested that visitors should admire a whole building (the whole) before entering a collection (indoor areas). As a result, tangible entryways were customarily dark or disguised. In a difference of Wright, “To proceed a building was to be embraced by it prolonged before one reached a entrance.” By a time they entered, visitors had a improved bargain of a building. This hold loyal for his homes and incomparable works. For example, employees of Johnson Wax had to expostulate around a building and afterwards by a carport to opening a categorical entrance.

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Carport of Johnson Wax Administration Building (Image: oomni³⁷) (View immeasurable version³⁸)

Enabling Users to Experience a Whole to Understand Its Parts

Today, we use affinity diagrams and site maps to visually classify information. These collection also capacitate us to organisation and perspective a relations between a pieces of information. We can take cues from these collection and artifacts when we’re putting form to a information. Just like Wright, we competence do good to give users a demeanour during a incomparable form initial (the whole) before drilling into a calm (the parts). This initial holistic perspective could yield additional context and capacitate users to improved know a connectors within a information.

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Visual Thesaurus⁴⁰ (View immeasurable version⁴¹)

Visual Thesaurus arranges synonyms in clusters around a word in focus. It provides a perspective of a full form adult front. Like in an affinity diagram, associated synonyms are organised in visible clusters around a hunt term. Color-coding shows a differences between nouns, verbs and adjectives. The synonyms (parts) are partial of a visible web (the whole) that helps us to know how synonyms describe to any other and a tenure in focus. As a result, we have a deeper bargain of a information and can take movement (in this case, selecting a best synonym to use). Just like a Wright building, this website enables we to initial knowledge a full web of synonyms before drilling into a content. Incidentally, Visual Thesaurus also incorporates Wright’s ideas on form and function; a web of synonyms merges a calm and a UI.

If you’re following Wright’s beliefs of form and function, afterwards giving users a impulse to take in a incomparable form before drilling into specific calm competence not hurt. Depending on what your settlement is ostensible to accomplish, we could cruise arrangement a relations between pieces of information within a form, assisting users to improved know a content.

Environment

Harmony Between a Building and Its Environment

Frank Lloyd Wright was famous for his quote, “No residence should ever be on a mountain or on anything. It should be of a hill. Belonging to it. Hill and residence should live together, any a happier for a other.” Wright delicately designed buildings that were a delay of their surrounding environment. He practical this truth to all of his works. Fallingwater is a text example. Its cantilevers counterpart a stone arrangement that creates a rapids immediately subsequent a structure.

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Fallingwater (Image: James Vaughan⁴³) (View immeasurable version⁴⁴)

Wright favourite to brew indoor and outward spaces. The light screens, or potion walls, jacket a vital spaces of Fallingwater move a outward sourroundings into a house. The extending overhangs and shadowy cantilevers lift a interior spaces into a outward environment. The low form of his buildings belligerent them in a earth. The long, low horizontals are meant to advise a horizon.

The Device Is a Designer’s Construction Site

Carefully cruise a inclination you’re conceptualizing for. In offer to maximizing a technologies they offer, we could also cruise their earthy makeup, demeanour and feel. Think of a device as a tract of land in that your app resides. If we follow this principle, afterwards they should work together in ideal harmony. The device and app should live together, any a happier for a other.

On a organic level, this can deeply impact communication models. For instance, a device’s figure and how it’s hold will impact how users correlate with it. For a phone, we competence wish to place a navigation controls within thumb’s reach. Consideration of a device could also impact any cultured decisions we make. A few years ago, when skeuomorphic settlement was a renouned trend, there was an apparent strife between a sleek, unconventional settlement of a iPhone and a retro, leather-stitched shade interface.

Once again, Nest is a good instance of settlement that works in ideal peace with a earthy device. It doesn’t harm that a association designed both a screen’s interface and a hardware. Think about a inclination you’re targeting in your subsequent settlement project. It could change your design.

Conclusion

Frank Lloyd Wright was a loyal pioneer. He was an select designer whose ideals led to architectural masterpieces that are applicable scarcely a century later. As designers, we can find impulse in his architectural philosophies. As with his buildings, any fact in a designs should offer a purpose. We contingency cruise a inlet of a materials and technologies we use and figure out how to maximize their local capabilities to grasp a goals.

If we adopt his views on form and function, afterwards we can facilitate a communication models by mixing content, form and UI. We should also consider any partial of a settlement and a grant to a whole. Finally, we competence cruise formulating peace in a attribute between a digital settlement and a earthy device. In offer to a elemental settlement beliefs we use any day, these ideals could lift a work in new and sparkling directions.

References

• “Designing Life: Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect⁴⁵,” Keith Gaff, Design Thinking @ Haas


• Drawings and Plans of Frank Lloyd Wright: The Early Period (1893-1909)⁴⁶, Frank Lloyd Wright


• “Frank Lloyd Wright: The Prairie Style, From Theory to Practice⁴⁷,” Westcott Center for Architecture + Design


• In a Nature of Materials: The Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright 1887 – 1941⁴⁸, Henry-Russell Hitchcock


• “Frank Lloyd Wright and a Principles of Organic Architecture⁴⁹,” Kimberly Elman, The Legacy of Frank Lloyd Wright


• Understanding Frank Lloyd Wright’s Architecture⁵⁰, Donald Hoffmann

(cc, ml, al)

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A Frank Lloyd Wright Approach To Digital Design